Previous Page
  Next Page
 
Evokation
 
 
Index
 

 

ADVENT

361

 

Old English Latin alphabet - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_Latin_alphabet

The Old English Latin alphabet—though it had no standard orthography—generally consisted of 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 9th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, 20 were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were ... Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters).

 

Old English was first written in runes (futhorc) but shifted to a (minuscule) half-uncial script of the Latin alphabet introduced by Irish Christian missionaries[3] from around the 9th century. The Latin spellings include some conventions associated with the Italian alphabet, such as hard vs. soft c, g, and sc. This was replaced by insular script, a cursive and pointed version of the half-uncial script. This was used until the end of the 12th century when continental Carolingian minuscule (also known as Caroline) replaced the insular.

 

 

English alphabet - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet

The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters exactly the same letters that are found in the ISO basic Latin alphabet: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) ... letter shapes and origins (follow the links on any of the uppercase letters ...

Who invented alphabets A to Z?

By at least the 8th century BCE the Greeks borrowed the Phoenician alphabet and adapted it to their own language, creating in the process the first "true" alphabet, in which vowels were accorded equal status with consonants.


The original alphabet was developed by a Semitic people living in or near Egypt.* They based it on the idea developed by the Egyptians, but used their own specific symbols. It was quickly adopted by their neighbors and relatives to the east and north, the Canaanites, the Hebrews, and the Phoenicians.

 

-
EGYPT
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
E
5
5
5
--
-
5
1
G
7
7
7
-
7
-
1
Y
25
7
7
-
7
-
1
P
16
7
7
-
7
-
1
T
20
2
2
--
-
2
5
EGYPT
73
28
28
-
21
7
-
-
7+3
2+8
2+8
-
2+1
-
5
EGYPT
10
10
10
--
3
7
-
-
1+0
1+0
1+0
-
-
-
5
EGYPT
1
1
1
--
3
7

 

 


Quick Facts About the English Alphabet - ThoughtCo

https://www.thoughtco.com › ... › English Grammar › Using Words Correctly

6 Apr 2017 - Get quick facts about the English alphabet, including the origin of the word ... Majuscules (from Latin majusculus, rather large) are CAPITAL LETTERS. ... and Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet From A to Z, ...

by Richard Nordquist

Updated April 06, 2017

Writers spend years rearranging 26 letters of the alphabet," novelist Richard Price once observed. "It's enough to make you lose your mind day by day." It's also a good enough reason to gather a few facts about one of the most significant inventions in human history.

The Origin of the Word Alphabet

The English word alphabet comes to us, by way of Latin, from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta.

These Greek words were in turn derived from the original Semitic names for the symbols: aleph ("ox") and beth ("house").

Where the English alphabet Came From

Here's the 30-second version of the rich history of the alphabet.

The original set of 30 signs, known as the Semitic alphabet, was used in ancient Phoenicia beginning around 1600 B.C. Most scholars believe that this alphabet, which consisted of signs for consonants only, is the ultimate ancestor of virtually all later alphabets. (The one significant exception appears to be Korea's han-gul script, created in the 15th century.)

Around 1,000 B.C., the Greeks adapted a shorter version of the Semitic alphabet, reassigning certain symbols to represent vowel sounds, and eventually, the Romans developed their own version of the Greek (or Ionic) alphabet. It's generally accepted that the Roman alphabet reached England by way of the Irish sometime during the early period of Old English (5 c.- 12 c.).

Over the past millennium, the English alphabet has lost a few special letters and drawn fresh distinctions between others. But otherwise, our modern English alphabet remains quite similar to the version of the Roman alphabet that we inherited from the Irish.

The Number of Languages That Use the Roman Alphabet

About 100 languages rely on the Roman alphabet.
Used by roughly two billion people, it's the world's most popular script. As David Sacks notes in Letter Perfect (2004), "There are variations of the Roman alphabet: For example, English employs 26 letters; Finnish, 21; Croatian, 30. But at the core are the 23 letters of ancient Rome. (The Romans lacked J, V, and W.)"

How Many Sounds There Are in English

There are more than 40 distinct sounds (or phonemes) in English. Because we have just 26 letters to represent those sounds, most letters stand for more than one sound. The consonant c, for example, is pronounced differently in the three words cook, city, and (combined with h) chop.

What Are? Majuscules and Minuscules

Majuscules (from Latin majusculus, rather large) are CAPITAL LETTERS. Minuscules (from Latin minusculus, rather small) are lower-case letters. The combination of majuscules and minuscules in a single system (the so-called dual alphabet) first appeared in a form of writing named after Emperor Charlemagne (742-814), Carolingian minuscule.

What's the Name for a Sentence That Contains All 26 Letters of the Alphabet?

That would be a pangram. The best-known example is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." A more efficient pangram is "Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs."

Text That Deliberately Excludes a Particular Letter of the Alphabet?

That's a lipogram. The best-known example in English is Ernest Vincent Wright's novel Gadsby: Champion of Youth (1939)--a story of more than 50,000 words in which the letter e never appears.

Why the Last Letter of the Alphabet is Pronounced "Zee" By Americans and "Zed" By Most British, Canadian, and Australian Speakers

The older pronunciation of "zed" was inherited from Old French. The American "zee," a dialect form heard in England during the 17th century (perhaps by analogy with bee, dee, etc.), was approved by Noah Webster in his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828).

The letter z, by the way, has not always been relegated to the end of the alphabet. In the Greek alphabet, it came in at a quite respectable number seven.

According to Tom McArthur in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992), "The Romans adopted Z later than the rest of the alphabet, since /z/ was not a native Latin sound, adding it at the end of their list of letters and using it rarely." The Irish and English simply imitated the Roman convention of placing z last.

To learn more about this wondrous invention, pick up one of these fine books: The Alphabetic Labyrinth: The Letters in History and Imagination, by Johanna Drucker (Thames and Hudson, 1995) and Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet From A to Z, by David Sacks (Broadway, 2004).

 

 

English alphabet - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet

The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters exactly the same letters that are found in the ISO basic Latin alphabet: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters).

 

 

-
EGYPT
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
E
5
5
5
--
-
5
1
G
7
7
7
-
7
-
1
Y
25
7
7
-
7
-
1
P
16
7
7
-
7
-
1
T
20
2
2
--
-
2
5
EGYPT
73
28
28
-
21
7
-
-
7+3
2+8
2+8
-
2+1
-
5
EGYPT
10
10
10
--
3
7
-
-
1+0
1+0
1+0
-
-
-
5
EGYPT
1
1
1
--
3
7

 

 

-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
ONE
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
occurs
x
1
=
2
=
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
THREE
3
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
FOUR
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
occurs
x
1
=
5
=
5
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
SIX
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
7
7
-
-
-
7
occurs
x
3
=
21
2+1
3
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
EIGHT
8
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
31
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
14
-
-
5
-
28
-
10
3+1
-
-
7
7
7
-
-
-
1+4
-
-
-
-
2+8
-
1+0
4
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
-
5
-
+
-
2
=
7
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
4
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
4
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
1
-
1

 

 

5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
occurs
x
1
=
2
=
2
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
occurs
x
1
=
5
=
5
-
-
7
7
7
-
-
-
7
occurs
x
3
=
21
2+1
3
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
14
-
-
5
-
28
-
10
-
-
7
7
7
-
-
-
1+4
-
-
-
-
2+8
-
1+0
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
5
-
+
-
2
=
7
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
5
7
7
7
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
1
-
1

 

 

10
AEGYPTIACA
88
43
7
5
EGYPT
73
28
1
15
Add to Reduce
161
71
8
1+5
Reduce to Deduce
1+6+1
7+1
-
6
Essence of Number
8
8
8

 

 

THE

DOG GOD ANUBIS A NUMBER

IS

 

T
=
2
-
3
THE
33
15
6
G
=
7
-
3
GOD
26
17
8
D
=
4
-
3
DOG
26
17
8
A
=
1
-
6
ANUBIS
66
21
3
A
=
1
-
1
A
1
1
1
N
=
5
-
6
NUMBER
73
28
1
I
=
9
-
2
IS
28
10
1
-
-
29
4
24
First Total
253
109
28
-
-
2+9
-
2+4
Add to Reduce
2+5+3
1+0+9
2+8
Q
-
11
-
6
Second Total
10
10
10
-
-
1+1
-
4
Reduce to Deduce
1+0
1+0
1+0
-
-
2
5
6
Essence of Number
1
1
5

 

 

NARMER N RAM E R NARMER

R NAME R

NARMER N RAM E R NARMER

 

 

R
=
9
-
3
RAM
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
A
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
32
14
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
3+2
1+4
1+4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
15
5
5

 

 

R
=
9
-
3
RAM
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
A+M
14
5
5
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
32
14
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
3+2
1+4
1+4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
5
5
5

 

 

-
EGYPT
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
E
5
5
5
--
-
5
1
G
7
7
7
-
7
-
1
Y
25
7
7
-
7
-
1
P
16
7
7
-
7
-
1
T
20
2
2
--
-
2
5
EGYPT
73
28
28
-
21
7
-
-
7+3
2+8
2+8
-
2+1
-
5
EGYPT
10
10
10
--
3
7
-
-
1+0
1+0
1+0
-
-
-
5
EGYPT
1
1
1
--
3
7

 

 

-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
ONE
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
occurs
x
1
=
2
=
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
THREE
3
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
FOUR
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
occurs
x
1
=
5
=
5
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
SIX
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
7
7
-
-
-
7
occurs
x
3
=
21
2+1
3
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
EIGHT
8
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
31
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
14
-
-
5
-
28
-
10
3+1
-
-
7
7
7
-
-
-
1+4
-
-
-
-
2+8
-
1+0
4
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
-
5
-
+
-
2
=
7
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
4
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
4
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
1
-
1

 

 

5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
occurs
x
1
=
2
=
2
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
occurs
x
1
=
5
=
5
-
-
7
7
7
-
-
-
7
occurs
x
3
=
21
2+1
3
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
14
-
-
5
-
28
-
10
-
-
7
7
7
-
-
-
1+4
-
-
-
-
2+8
-
1+0
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
5
-
+
-
2
=
7
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
5
7
7
7
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
1
-
1

 

 

10
AEGYPTIACA
88
43
7
5
EGYPT
73
28
1
15
Add to Reduce
161
71
8
1+5
Reduce to Deduce
1+6+1
7+1
-
6
Essence of Number
8
8
8

 

 

THE

DOG GOD ANUBIS A NUMBER

IS

 

T
=
2
-
3
THE
33
15
6
G
=
7
-
3
GOD
26
17
8
D
=
4
-
3
DOG
26
17
8
A
=
1
-
6
ANUBIS
66
21
3
A
=
1
-
1
A
1
1
1
N
=
5
-
6
NUMBER
73
28
1
I
=
9
-
2
IS
28
10
1
-
-
29
4
24
First Total
253
109
28
-
-
2+9
-
2+4
Add to Reduce
2+5+3
1+0+9
2+8
Q
-
11
-
6
Second Total
10
10
10
-
-
1+1
-
4
Reduce to Deduce
1+0
1+0
1+0
-
-
2
5
6
Essence of Number
1
1
5

 

 

NARMER N RAM E R NARMER

R NAME R

NARMER N RAM E R NARMER

 

 

R
=
9
-
3
RAM
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
A
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
32
14
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
3+2
1+4
1+4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
15
5
5

 

 

R
=
9
-
3
RAM
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
A+M
14
5
5
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
32
14
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
3+2
1+4
1+4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
5
5
5

 

 

THE RISE AND FALL OF ANCIENT EGYPT

The History of a Civilisation from 3000 BC to Cleopatra

Toby Wilkinson 2010

Page XIV

EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD 2950-2575

Unification of Egypt

Narmer

 

N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
A
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
E
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
69
33
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
6+9
3+3
3+3
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
15
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+5
-
-
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
6
6
6

 

R NAME R

 

N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
A
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
69
33
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
6+9
3+3
3+3
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
15
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+5
-
-
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
6
6
6

 

R NAME R

 

N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
N+A+M+E
33
15
6
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
69
33
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
6+9
3+3
3+3
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
15
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+5
-
-
N
=
5
-
6
NARMER
6
6
6

 

R NAME R

 

NARMER N RAM E R NARMER

 

R
=
9
-
3
RAM
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
A
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
32
14
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
3+2
1+4
1+4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
15
5
5

 

 

R
=
9
-
3
RAM
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
A+M
14
5
5
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
32
14
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
3+2
1+4
1+4
R
=
9
-
3
RAM
5
5
5

 

M
=
4
-
5
MENES
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
S
19
10
1
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
56
29
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
5+6
2+9
2+0
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
11
11
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+1
1+1
-
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
2
2
2

 

 

M
=
4
-
5
MENES
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
S
19
10
1
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
N
14
5
5
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
56
29
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
5+6
2+9
2+0
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
11
11
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+1
1+1
-
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
2
2
2

 

 

Menes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Pharaoh. For the H. P. Lovecraft character, see The Cats of Ulthar. For the Macedonian general, see Menes of Pella. For the Romanian village of Miniş, called Ménes in Hungarian, see Ghioroc.

Menes

Africanus: Mênês
Eusebius: Mênês
The cartouche of Menes on the Abydos King List
The cartouche of Menes on the Abydos King List

Pharaoh

Successor
Hor-Aha?

Menes (/ˈmiːniːz/; Egyptian: Mnj, probably pronounced */maˈnij/;[5] Ancient Greek: Μήνης;[4] Arabic: مينا‎) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the early dynastic period, credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt, and as the founder of the first dynasty (Dynasty I).[6]

The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus identifies Menes with the protodynastic pharaoh Narmer[1][2][3] (most likely) or first dynasty Hor-Aha.[7] Both pharaohs are credited with the unification of Egypt, to different degrees by various authorities.

The commonly used Menes derives from Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest who lived during the Ptolemaic period. Manetho used the name in the form Μήνης (transliterated: Mênês).[4][8] An alternative Greek form, Μιν (transliterated: Min), was cited by the 5th-century BCE historian Herodotus,[9] a variant no longer considered the result of contamination from the name of the god Min.[10]

The Egyptian form, Meni, is taken from the Turin and Abydos king lists (dated Dynasty XIX).

The name, Menes, means "He who endures", which, Edwards (1971) suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive epithet denoting a semi-legendary hero [...] whose name had been lost".[4] Rather than a particular person, the name may conceal collectively the protodynastic pharaohs Ka, Scorpion and Narmer.[4]

§Narmer and Menes[edit]

Main article: Narmer

The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record,[4] and the comparative wealth of evidence of Narmer, a protodynastic figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim[2] to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, has given rise to a theory identifying Menes with Narmer.

The chief archaeological reference to Menes is an ivory label from Naqada which shows the royal Horus-name Aha (the pharaoh Hor-Aha) next to a building, within which is the royal nebty-name mn,[11] generally taken to be Menes.[4][a] From this, various theories on the nature of the building (a funerary booth or a shrine), the meaning of the word mn (a name or the verb endures) and the relationship between Hor-Aha and Menes (as one person or as successive pharaohs) have arisen.[1]

The Turin and Abydos king lists, generally accepted to be correct,[1] list the nebty-names of the pharaohs, not their Horus-names,[2] and are vital to the potential reconciliation of the various records: the nebty-names of the king lists, the Horus-names of the archaeological record and the number of pharaohs in Dynasty I according to Manetho and other historical sources.[2]

Petrie first attempted this task,[2] associating Iti with Djer as the third pharaoh of Dynasty I, Teti (Turin) (or another Iti (Abydos)) with Hor-Aha as second pharaoh, and Menes (a nebty-name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) as first pharaoh of Dynasty I.[1][2] Lloyd (1994) finds this succession "extremely probable",[2] and Cervelló-Autuori (2003) categorically states that "Menes is Narmer and the First Dynasty begins with him".[3] However, Seidlmayer (2004) states that it is "a fairly safe inference" that Menes was Hor-Aha.[7]

§Dates[edit]

Egyptologists, archaeologists and scholars from the 19th century have proposed different dates for the era of Menes, or the date of the first dynasty:[12][b]
Jean-François Champollion (1840) – 5867 BC
August Böckh (1845) – 5702 BC
Auguste Mariette (1871) – 5004 BC
Flinders Petrie (1887) – 4777 BC
Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1859) – 4455 BC
Franz Joseph Lauth (1869) – 4157 BC
Karl Richard Lepsius (1856) – 3892 BC
Christian Charles Josias Bunsen (1848) – 3623 BC
Reginald Stuart Poole (1851) – 2717 BC
James Strong (1878) – 2515 BC
John Gardner Wilkinson (1835) – 2320 BC

Modern consensus dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty between c. 3100–3050 BC; some academic literature uses c. 3000 BC.[13]

§History[edit]

By 500 BC mythical and exaggerated claims had made Menes a cultural hero, and most of what is known of him comes from a much later time.[14]

Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honor of having united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom,[15] and becoming the first pharaoh of Dynasty I.[16]

However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and Palermo Stone), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the Fifth dynasty. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god Horus.[17] He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic novels of the Graeco-Roman Period, demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as important figure.[18]

Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of Ancient Egypt, similar to Romulus in Ancient Rome.[19]

Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory".[8][16]

§Capital[edit]

Manetho associates the city of Thinis with the first dynasties (Dynasty I and Dynasty II) and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thinis.[8][16] Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of Memphis as his capital[20] after diverting the course of the River Nile through the construction of a dyke.[21] Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis,[16] and calls no pharaohs earlier than Dynasty III "Memphite".[22] Herodotus and Manetho's stories of the foundation of Memphis are probably later inventions: in 2012 a relief mentioning the visit of Memphis by Iry-Hor --a predynastic ruler of Upper Egypt reigning before Namer-- was discovered in Sinai, indicating that the city was already in existence in the early 32nd century BC.[23]

§Cultural influence[edit]

Diodorus Siculus stated that Menes had introduced the worship of the gods and the practice of sacrifice[24] as well as a more elegant and luxurious style of living.[24] For this latter invention, Menes' memory was dishonoured by the Dynasty XXIV pharaoh Tefnakht, and Plutarch mentions a pillar at Thebes on which was inscribed an imprecation against Menes as the introducer of luxury.[24]

In Pliny's account, Menes was credited with being the inventor of writing in Egypt.

§Crocodile episode[edit]

Diodorus Siculus recorded a story of Menes,[25] related by the priests of the crocodile-god Sobek at Crocodilopolis, in which the pharaoh Menes, attacked by his own dogs while out hunting,[26] fled across Lake Moeris on the back of a crocodile and, in thanks, founded the city of Crocodilopolis.[26][27]

Faber (1816), taking the word campsa to mean either crocodile or ark and preferring the latter, identifies Menes with Noah and the entire story as a deluge myth.[28]

Edwards (1974) states that "the legend, which is obviously filled with anachronisms, is patently devoid of historical value",[27] but Maspero (1910), while acknowledging the possibility that traditions relating to other kings may have become mixed up with this story, dismisses the suggestions of some commentators[24] that the story should be transferred to the Dynasty XII pharaoh Amenemhat III and sees no reason to doubt that Diodorus did not correctly record a tradition of Menes.[26]

§Death[edit]

According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.[8][16]

 

Menes | biography - king of Egypt | Encyclopedia Britannica

www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374923/Menes

Menes, also spelled Mena, Meni, or Min (flourished c. 2925 bce), first king of unified Egypt, who, according to ancient tradition, joined Upper and Lower Egypt in ...

 

M
=
4
-
5
MENES
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
S
19
10
1
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
56
29
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
5+6
2+9
2+0
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
11
11
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+1
1+1
-
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
2
2
2

 

 

M
=
4
-
5
MENES
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M+S
32
14
5
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
E
5
5
5
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
56
29
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
5+6
2+9
2+0
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
11
11
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+1
1+1
-
M
=
4
-
5
MENES
2
2
2

 

 

-
MIN
-
-
-
-
M
13
4
4
-
I
9
9
9
-
N
14
5
5
3
MIN
36
18
18
-
-
3+6
1+8
1+8
3
MIN
9
9
9

 

THE

MIND OF MIN

 

 

Y
=
7
-
9
YESTERDAY
122
41
5
T
-
2
-
5
TODAY
65
20
2
T
=
2
-
8
TOMORROW
137
47
2
-
-
11
-
22
-
207
108
9
-
-
1+1
-
2+2
-
3+2+4
1+0+8
-
-
-
2
-
4
-
9
9
3

 

 

-
-
-
-
-
MANETHO
-
-
-
M
=
4
-
1
M
13
4
4
A
=
1
-
1
A
1
1
1
N
=
5
-
1
N
14
5
5
E
=
5
-
1
E
5
5
5
T
=
2
-
1
T
20
2
2
H
=
8
-
1
H
8
8
8
O
=
6
-
1
O
15
6
6
-
-
31
-
7
MANETHO
76
31
31
-
-
3+1
-
-
-
7+6
3+1
3+1
-
-
4
-
7
MANETHO
13
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+3
-
-
-
-
4
-
7
MANETHO
4
4
4

 

 

-
-
-
-
-
MANETHO
-
-
-
N
=
5
-
1
N
14
5
5
A
=
1
-
1
A
1
1
1
M
=
4
-
1
M
13
4
4
E
=
5
-
1
E
5
5
5
T
=
2
-
1
T
20
2
2
H
=
8
-
1
H
8
8
8
O
=
6
-
1
O
15
6
6
-
-
31
-
7
MANETHO
76
31
31
-
-
3+1
-
-
-
7+6
3+1
3+1
-
-
4
-
7
MANETHO
13
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+3
-
-
-
-
4
-
7
MANETHO
4
4
4

 

 

TABLE, CORONATION
TABLE, THE, KINGS, CORONATION, RITUAL
TABLE, KING, PHARAOH
TABLE, PYRAMID, FIRE, AMID, PYRE, AMID, A MIND FIRE, PYRE-A-MID
TABLE, THE, LITURGY
TABLE, THE, OFFERING, LITURGY
TABLE, FUNERARY, RITUAL
TABLE, LIBATION, RITUAL
TABLE, HOLY, WATER
TABLE, COOL, WATER
TABLE, OSIRIS UNAS, HORUS
TABLE, WATER, NATRON
TABLE, LUXOR, L, UX, O, R
TABLE, QENI, COAT, OF, MANY, COLOURS
TABLE, THE RAINBOW LIGHT, COAT OF MANY COLOURS
TABLE, LIBYA, LIBYAN, LIBYANS
TABLE, COSMIC, COSMETIC
TABLE, AKH, SEKHEM, DJET
TABLE, OIL
TABLE, PLAY, ON, WORDS, PARONOMASIA
TABLE, MARDUK, MA, R, DUK
TABLE, CORPSE, CORPSES
TABLE, CORPSE, CO, R, PSE
TABLE, THE HOLY LAND, THE, HOLY, LAND
TABLE, RIVER, JORDAN, JO, R, DAN
TABLE, RIVER, JORDAN
TABLE, BOY, GIRL
TABLE, CLOTH,M SESHED, SE, SH, ED
TABLE, LINEN, CLOTH
TABLE, SARCOPHAGUS, CHAMBER, TEXTS
TABLE, THE PYRAMID TEXTS
TABLE, TEXT, TEXTS
TABLE, UTTER, UTTERS, UTTERANCE, UTTERANCES
TABLE, SAY, SAYS
TABLE, AHA, SCEPTER, LOTUS, BUD
TABLE, CORONATION, CEREMONIES, CERES
TABLE, CORONATION, CEREMONY
TABLE, THRONE OF OSIRIS, THRONE, OF, OSIRIS
TABLE, O UNAS, O, UNAS
TABLE, OSIRIS, THRONE, THE, R, ONE`
TABLE, PYRAMID, TEMPLE, OF, UNAS
TABLE, STAND, UP, AND, SIT, DOWN
TABLE, BREAD, BEARD, B, READ, B, RED
TABLE, WEST, EAST
TABLE, RIGHT, LEFT
TABLE, UP, DOWN
TABLE, IN, OUT
TABLE, NORTH, SOUTH
TABLE, EAST, WEST
TABLE, NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST
TABLE, NORTH + SOUTH, EAST + WEST
TABLE, JOURNEY, INTO, THE, REALM, OF, THE, DEAD
TABLE, CIRC, CIRCL, CIRCLE, CIRCLES, CIRCLED, ENCIRCLED
TABLE, CIRCUMAMBULATION
TABLE, CIRCL, CIRCLED
TABLE, ENTHRONE, ENTHRONES, ENTHRONED, ENTHRONEMENT
TABLE, RITUAL, R, I, TUAL
TABLE, HORUS, RITUAL
TABLE, DEIR EL-BAHRI, DE, I, R, ELB, AH, R, I
TABLE, DEIR, EL-BAHRI, SENENMUT
TABLE, DEIR EL-BAHRI, DEIR, EL, BAHRI
TABLE, AMENHOTEP, AKHENATEN
TABLE, RA'S, AKH, POWER
TABLE, RA'S, AKH

 

 

10
C
O
R
O
N
A
T
I
O
N
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
`-
-
6
-
6
5
-
-
9
6
5
+
=
37
3+7
=
10
1+0
1
-
1
-
-
15
-
15
14
-
-
9
15
14
+
=
82
8+2
=
10
1+0
1
-
1
10
C
O
R
O
N
A
T
I
O
N
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
`-
3
-
9
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
+
=
15
1+5
=
6
-
6
-
6
-
3
-
18
-
-
1
20
-
-
-
+
=
42
4+2
=
6
-
6
-
6
10
C
O
R
O
N
A
T
I
O
N
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
3
15
18
15
14
1
20
9
15
14
+
=
124
1+2+4
=
7
-
7
-
7
`-
3
6
9
6
5
1
2
9
6
5
+
=
52
5+2
=
7
-
7
-
7
10
C
O
R
O
N
A
T
I
O
N
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
occurs
x
1
=
1
=
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
occurs
x
1
=
2
=
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
occurs
x
1
=
3
=
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-`-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
5
occurs
x
2
=
10
1+0
1
-`-
-
6
-
6
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
6
occurs
x
3
=
18
1+8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-`
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
- -
9
occurs
x
2
=
18
1+8
9
10
C
O
R
O
N
A
T
I
O
N
-
-
26
-
-
10
-
52
-
25
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
2+6
-
-
1+0
-
5+2
-
2+5
10
C
O
R
O
N
A
T
I
O
N
-
-
8
-
-
1
-
7
-
7

 

 

3
AUM
35
8
8
4
MANI
37
19
1
5
PADME
39
21
3
3
HUM
42
15
6
15
-
153
63
18
1+5
-
1+5+3
6+3
1+8
6
-
9
9
9

 

 

3
THE
33
15
6
5
KINGS
60
24
6
10
CORONATION
124
52
7
6
RITUAL
81
27
9
24
First Total
298
118
28
2+4
Add to Reduce
2+9+8
1+1+8
2+8
6
Second Total
19
10
10
-
Add to Reduce
1+9
1+0
1+0
6
Third Total
10
1
1
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+0
-
-
6
Essence of Number
1
1
1

 

 

4
KING
41
23
5
7
PHARAOH
67
40
4
11
-
108
63
9
1+1
-
1+0+8
6+3
-
2
-
9
9
9

 

 

7
PYRAMID
86
41
5
4
FIRE
38
29
2
4
AMID
27
18
9
4
PYRE
64
28
1
4
AMID
27
18
9
9
A MIND FIRE
79
52
7
8
PYRE-A-MID
91
46
1

 

 

3
THE
33
15
7
7
LITURGY
112
40
4
10
First Total
145
55
10
1+0
Add to Reduce
1+4+5
5+5
1+0
1
Second Total
10
10
1
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+0
1+0
-
1
Essence of Number
1
1
1

 

 

3
THE
33
15
7
8
OFFERING
80
53
8
7
LITURGY
112
40
4
18
Add to Reduce
225
108
18
1+8
Reduce to Deduce
2+2+5
1+0+8
1+8
9
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

8
FUNERARY
108
45
9
6
RITUAL
81
27
9
14
First Total
189
72
18
1+4
Add to Reduce
1+8+9
7+2
1+8
5
Second Total
18
9
9
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+8
-
-
5
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

8
LIBATION
82
37
1
6
RITUAL
81
27
9
14
-
163
64
10
1+4
-
1+6+3
6+4
1+0
5
-
10
10
1
-
-
1+0
1+0
-
5
-
1
1
1

 

 

4
HOLY
60
24
6
5
WATER
67
22
4
9
-
127
46
10
-
-
1+2+7
4+6
1+0
9
-
10
10
1
-
-
1+0
1+0
-
9
-
1
1
1

 

 

4
COOL
45
18
9
5
WATER
67
22
4

 

 

10
OSIRIS UNAS
144
45
9
5
HORUS
81
27
9

 

 

5
WATER
67
22
4
6
NATRON
82
28
1

 

 

5
LUXOR
     
-
L
12
3
3
-
U+X
45
9
9
-
O
15
6
6
-
R
18
9
9
5
LUXOR
90
27
27
-
-
9+0
2+7
2+7
5
LUXOR
9
9
9

 

 

4
QENI
45
27
9
4
COAT
39
12
3
2
OF
21
12
3
4
MANY
53
17
8
7
COLOURS
103
31
4
21
First Total
261
99
27
2+1
Add to Reduce
2+6+1
9+9
2+7
3
Second Total
9
18
9
-
Reduce to Deduce
-
1+8
-
3
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

15
THE RAINBOW LIGHT
171
81
9
17
COAT OF MANY COLOURS
216
99
9
 
QUENI COAT OF MANY COLOURS
261
99
9

 

 

5
LIBYA
49
22
4
6
LIBYAN
63
27
9
7
LIBYANS
82
28
1

 

 

6
COSMIC
62
26
8
8
COSMETIC
87
33
6

 

 

3
AKH
20
11
2
6
SEKHEM
61
25
7
4
DJET
39
12
3

 

 

3
OIL
36
18
9

 

 

4
PLAY
54
18
9
2
ON
29
11
2
5
WORDS
79
25
7
11
PARONOMASIA
122
50
5

 

 

6
MARDUK
     
-
M+A
14
5
5
-
R
18
9
9
-
D+U+K
36
9
9
6
MARDUK
68
23
23
-
-
6+8
2+3
2+3
6
MARDUK
14
5
5
-
-
1+4
-
-
6
MARDUK
5
5
5

 

 

6
CORPSE
76
31
4
7
CORPSES
95
32
5

 

 

6
CORPSE
     
-
C+O
18
9
9
-
R
18
9
9
-
P+S+E
40
13
4
6
CORPSE
76
31
22
-
-
7+6
3+1
2+2
-
-
13
4
4
8
THIRTEEN
99
45
9

 

 

-
THE HOLY LAND
-
-
-
3
THE
33
15
6
4
HOLY
60
24
6
4
LAND
31
13
4
11
THE HOLY LAND
124
52
16
1+1
-
1+2+4
5+2
1+6
2
THE HOLY LAND
7
7
7

 

 

5
RIVER
72
36
9
6
JORDAN
     
-
J+O
25
7
7
-
R
18
9
9
-
D+A+N
19
10
1
6
JORDAN
62
26
8
-
-
6+2
2+6
-
6
JORDAN
8
8
8

 

 

5
RIVER
72
36
9
6
JORDAN
62
26
8

 

 

3
BOY
42
15
6
4
GIRL
46
28
1
7
First Total
88
43
7
-
Add to Reduce
8+8
4+3
-
7
Second Total
16
7
7
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+6
-
-
7
Essence of Number
7
7
7

 

 

5
CLOTH
58
22
4
6
SESHED
     
-
S+E
24
15
6
-
S+H
27
18
9
-
E+D
9
9
9
6
SESHED
60
42
24
-
-
6+0
4+2
2+4
6
SESHED
6
6
6

 

 

5
LINEN
54
27
9
5
CLOTH
58
22
4

 

 

11
SARCOPHAGUS
128
47
2
7
CHAMBER
50
32
5
5
TEXTS
88
16
7

 

 

15
THE PYRAMID TEXTS
207
72
9

 

 

4
TEXT
69
15
6
5
TEXTS
88
16
7

 

 

5
UTTER
84
21
3
6
UTTERS
103
22
4
9
UTTERANCE
107
35
8
11
UTTERANCES
126
54
9

 

 

3
SAY
45
18
9
4
SAYS
64
19
1

 

 

3
AHA
10
10
1
7
SCEPTER
86
32
5
5
LOTUS
87
15
6
3
BUD
9
9
9

 

 

10
CORONATION
124
52
7
10
CEREMONIES
106
52
7
5
CERES
50
23
5

 

 

10
CORONATION
124
52
7
8
CEREMONY
98
44
8

 

 

-
THRONE OF OSIRIS
-
-
-
6
THRONE
80
35
8
2
OF
21
12
3
6
OSIRIS
89
35
8
14
THRONE OF OSIRIS
190
82
19
1+4
-
1+9+0
8+2
1+9
5
THRONE OF OSIRIS
10
10
10
-
-
1+0
1+0
1+0
5
THRONE OF OSIRIS
1
1
1

 

 

5
O UNAS
     
-
O
15
6
6
-
UNAS
55
10
1
5
O UNAS
70
16
7
-
-
7+0
1+6
-
5
O UNAS
7
7
7

 

 

6
OSIRIS
89
35
8
6
THRONE
80
35
8
- - - - -
- - - - -
3
THE
33
15
6
1
R
18
9
9
3
ONE
34
16
7

 

 

7
PYRAMID
86
41
5
6
TEMPLE
71
26
8
2
OF
21
12
3
4
UNAS
55
10
1
19
First Total
233
89
17
1+9
Add to Reduce
2+3+3
8+9
1+7
10
Second Total
8
17
8
1+0
Reduce to Deduce
-
1+7
-
1
Essence of Number
8
8
8

 

 

5
STAND
58
13
4
2
UP
37
10
1
3
AND
19
10
1
3
SIT
48
12
3
4
DOWN
56
20
2

 

 

5
BREAD
30
21
3
5
BEARD
30
21
3
1
B
2
2
2
4
READ
28
19
1
1
B
2
2
2
3
RED
27
18
9

 

 

4
WEST
67
13
4
4
EAST
45
9
9
8
Add to Reduce
112
22
13
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+1+2
2+2
1+3
8
Essence of Number
4
4
4

 

 

5
RIGHT
62
35
8
4
LEFT
43
16
7
9
Add to Reduce
105
51
15
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+0+5
5+1
1+5
9
Essence of Number
6
6
6

 

 

2
UP
37
10
1
4
DOWN
56
20
2
6
-
93
30
3
-
-
9+3
3+0
-
6
-
12
3
3
-
-
1+2
-
-
6
-
3
3
3

 

 

2
IN
23
14
5
3
OUT
56
11
2
5
-
79
25
7
-
-
7+9
2+5
-
5
-
16
7
7
-
-
1+6
-
-
5
-
7
7
7

 

 

5
NORTH
75
30
3
5
SOUTH
83
20
2
10
-
158
50
5
1+0
-
1+5+8
5+0
-
1
-
14
5
5
-
-
1+4
-
-
1
-
5
5
5

 

 

4
EAST
45
18
9
4
WEST
67
22
4
8
-
112
40
13
-
-
1+1+2
4+0
1+3
8
-
4
4
4

 

 

5
NORTH
75
30
3
5
SOUTH
83
20
2
4
EAST
45
18
9
4
WEST
67
90
18
18
Add to Reduce
270
90
18
1+8
Reduce to Deduce
2+7+0
9+0
1+8
9
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

10
NORTH + SOUTH
158
50
5
8
EAST + WEST
112
40
4
18
Add to Reduce
270
90
9
1+8
Reduce to Deduce
2+7+0
9+0
-
9
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

7
JOURNEY
108
36
9
4
INTO
58
22
4
3
THE
33
15
6
5
REALM
489
22
4
2
OF
21
12
3
3
THE
33
15
6
4
DEAD
14
14
5
28
First Total
316
136
37
2+8
Add to Reduce
3+1+6
1+3+6
3+7
10
Second Total
10
10
10
1+0
Reduce to Deduce
1+0
1+0
1+0
1
Essence of Number
1
1
1

 

 

4
CIRC
33
24
6
5
CIRCL
45
27
9
6
CIRCLE
50
32
5
7
CIRCLES
69
33
6
7
CIRCLED
54
36
9
9
ENCIRCLED
73
46
1

 

 

16
CIRCUMAMBULATION
175
67
4

 

 

5
CIRCL
45
27
9
7
CIRCLED
54
36
9

 

 

8
ENTHRONE
99
45
9
9
ENTHRONES
118
46
1
9
ENTHRONED
103
49
4
12
ENTHRONEMENT
151
61
7

 

 

6
RITUAL
     
-
R
18
9
9
-
I
9
9
9
-
T+U+A+L
54
9
9
6
RITUAL
-
-
-

 

 

5
HORUS
81
27
9
6
RITUAL
81
27
9

 

 

11
DEIR EL-BAHRI
-
-
-
-
D+E
9
9
9
-
I
9
9
9
-
R
18
9
9
-
E+L+B
19
10
1
-
A+H
9
9
9
-
R
18
9
9
-
I
9
9
9
11
DEIR EL-BAHRI
-
-
-

 

 

11
DEIR EL-BAHRI
91
64
1
8
SENENMUT
111
30
3

 

 

11
DEIR EL-BAHRI
-
-
-
4
DEIR
36
27
9
2
EL
17
8
8
5
BAHRI
38
29
2
11
First Total
91
64
19
1+1
Add to Reduce
9+1
6+4
1+9
2
Second Total
10
10
10
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+0
1+0
1+0
2
Essence of Number
1
1
1

 

 

9
AMENHOTEP
97
43
7
9
AKHENATEN
79
34
7

 

 

3
RA'S
38
20
2
3
AKH
20
20
2
5
POWER
77
32
5
11
-
135
72
9
1+1
-
1+3+5
7+2
-
2
-
9
9
9

 

 

3
RA'S
38
20
2
3
AKH
20
20
2

 

Ankh - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh

The ankh (/'æ?k/ or Egyptian), also known as crux ansata (the Latin for "cross with a handle") is an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic ideograph with the meaning "life". The Egyptian gods are often portrayed carrying it by its loop, or bearing one in each hand, arms crossed over their chest.

SYMBOL OF GOD SYMBOL OF LIFE SYMBOL OF LOVE.

 

 

 
Top
 
 
Evokation
 
Previous Page
Index
Next Page